As of August 2025, the world’s most powerful quantum computers, like IBM’s 1,121-qubit “Condor” and Google’s experimental “Sycamore” models, are nowhere near capable of cracking Bitcoin. It’s ...

A group signature scheme allows a group member to sign a message anonymously on behalf of the group. In case of a dispute, the group manager can reveal the actual identity of signer. In this paper, we ...

This paper presents a novel illumination normalization approach for face recognition under varying lighting conditions. In the proposed approach, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed to ...