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Seed plants are distinguished from vascular cryptogams by integuments, which complete the surrounding of the offspring by maternal tissue, and by maternal investment in offspring which follows rather ...

Alasemenia suggests that the integuments of the earliest ovules without a cupule evolved functions in probable photosynthetic nutrition and wind dispersal. It indicates that the seed wing originated ...

In the Fabaceae the seed coat originates from the two-ovule integuments. During seed ontogeny, the outer integument gives rise to several distinct layers transforming itself into the testa, while in ...