Cholangiocarcinoma is classically described as an irregular narrowing of the bile duct with shouldered scalloped margins. The stricture usually causes a high-grade or complete obstruction with ...
This muscular organ also concentrates and releases bile into the digestive system. When bile is needed, the gallbladder contracts, forcing the fluid through a tube called the cystic duct. The ...
Based on the TNM classification [21]. HA: Hepatic artery; PV: Portal vein. • T1: Tumor confined to the bile duct, with extension up to the muscle layer or fibrous tissue • T2a: Tumor invades ...