Original Article Published: 20 July 2017 Nasal application of HSV encoding human preproenkephalin blocks craniofacial pain in a rat model of traumatic brain injury A C Meidahl, M Klukinov, A Z ...

Nicotinic Induction of Preproenkephalin and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression in Butyrate-Differentiated Rat PC12 Cells: A Model for Adaptation to Gut-Derived Environmental Signals ...

April 19, 2011 — Patients with intractable cancer pain experienced reduced pain levels after genes encoding preproenkephalin (PENK) were injected into skin regions related to their pain location ...

Enkephalins are derived by enzymatic cleavage from a precursor protein, preproenkephalin, and stored in vesicles. Upon stimulation, enkephalins are released with neurotransmitters, such as glutamate.