Gluons can not only be exchanged between the individual gluons within a proton or neutron, but in combinations between protons and neutrons, leading to nuclear binding.

News & Views Published: 10 January 2007 Particle physics Hard-core revelations Frank Wilczek Nature 445, 156–157 (2007) Cite this article ...

Gluons get in on proton spin In their new study, Ji’s team combined the results gathered by both approaches to obtain a value for the gluon momentum contribution over a wide range of pion momenta. To ...

Physicists zoom in on gluons' contribution to proton spin Date: February 22, 2016 Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory Summary: By analyzing the highest-energy proton collisions at the ...

Sniffing gluons Without mass or charge, gluons are very difficult to detect; we primarily infer where they must have been by the debris they help create in particle collisions.

In fact, they estimate that gluons could supply as much as half of a proton’s spin. “This is the first evidence that suggests gluons could make a significant contribution to proton spin,” says team ...

Quarks, leptons, gluons, photons, etc., make up everything we know. But if they all are point-like, fundamental particles, why does everything have a non-zero size?

Even the most powerful telescopes have not yet been able to see far enough back in time to witness events from the Big Bang. But by smashing atoms, it is possible to create a plasma that existed right ...

A version of this article appears in print on Feb. 21, 2021, Page 15 of the Sunday Book Review with the headline: Electrons, Photons, Gluons, Quarks. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe ...