FREQUENCY-MODULATION, or the technique of varying the frequency of radio waves for signalling purposes, has been known and used for many years ; but it was not until Armstrong in the United States ...

In addition, Figure 4 shows parameters such as modulation frequency (f M), span, and the modulation index (m) that impact the performance of the FSS, where T M is the modulation period.

The constant frequency terms cancel so jitter is just the integral of FM: As a result, the jitter or phase change is the integral of the frequency modulation. For SSC, we use a triangle wave shape.

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NTT Corporation and Tokyo Denki University have succeeded in further stabilizing the graduated frequency of an optical frequency ruler generated by modulating the intensity and phase of laser ...