FREQUENCY-MODULATION, or the technique of varying the frequency of radio waves for signalling purposes, has been known and used for many years ; but it was not until Armstrong in the United States ...

Overcoming conventional technological limitations to realize high-speed optical coherence modulation at 350 kHz. Structured ...

In addition, Figure 4 shows parameters such as modulation frequency (f M), span, and the modulation index (m) that impact the performance of the FSS, where T M is the modulation period.

The circles indicate the target EVM. The diameter is user-definable. Fig 26. VSA modulation properties dialog box showing settings for pilot tracking and equalizer training. Modulation coding (CTC, CC ...

The constant frequency terms cancel so jitter is just the integral of FM: As a result, the jitter or phase change is the integral of the frequency modulation. For SSC, we use a triangle wave shape.

NTT Corporation and Tokyo Denki University have succeeded in further stabilizing the graduated frequency of an optical frequency ruler generated by modulating the intensity and phase of laser ...

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