Key questions about counterfactual thinking center on why and how they occur and what downstream cognitive and behavioral outcomes they engender. The functional theory of counterfactual thinking aims ...

As machine learning (ML) models become more widely deployed in high-stakes applications, counterfactual explanations have emerged as key tools for providing actionable model explanations in practice.

Editor’s Note: Tim Naftali, a CNN presidential historian and NYU clinical associate professor co-authored “One Hell of a Gamble:” Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958-1964, with Aleksandr ...

The power of counterfactual thinking is that forces us to step outside of our comfort zones. When we think about historical events, we have 20/20 hindsight -- so we forget how confusing and ...

The use of factual/counterfactual comparisons—that is, estimating the difference between what actually happened and what would have happened absent an event—is a fundamental tool in the ...